Method of analyzing liquid samples, microplate reader and computer program

ABSTRACT

The method of analyzing absorbance of one or more liquid samples ( 3 ) arranged in the wells ( 2 ) of a microplate ( 1 ) comprises the steps of setting a desired wavelength falling within the wavelength range of 380 nm-750 nm for absorbance measurement ( 101 ), illuminating the samples ( 3 ) using electromagnetic radiation having a bandwidth of at most 20 nm around the set wavelength ( 102 ), measuring radiant flux transmitted through each sample ( 3 ) ( 103 ), on the basis of measured radiant flux values, determining an absorbance value for each sample ( 3 ) ( 104 ), and visualizing the absorbance values on a display ( 12 ) as a matrix comprising a plurality of cells ( 23 ), each cell ( 23 ) corresponding to a well ( 2 ) of the microplate ( 1 ) ( 105 ). The set wavelength is used as an input for determining the visual properties of the cells ( 23 ).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/625,502, filed Dec. 20, 2019, which is a 35 USC 371 nationalizationof PCT/FI2018/050512, filed Jun. 27, 2018, which claims foreign priorityto Finnish Application No. 20175606, filed Jun. 27, 2017. Each of theforegoing applications is incorporated herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method of analyzing liquid samples inaccordance with claim 1. The invention also concerns a microplate readerand a computer program for operating a microplate reader as defined inthe other independent claims.

BACKGROUND

A microplate (also called e.g. as a microtiter plate, microwell plate,multiwell plate or multiwell) is a flat plate comprising a plurality ofwells, i.e. cavities that are arranged in rows and columns. The wellsare configured to receive samples and function as small test tubes. Atypical microplate comprises 6, 24, 96, 384 or 1536 wells, although alsolarger microplates exist. The wells are arranged in a rectangularmatrix, where the ratio between the sides is typically 2:3. The samplesare usually liquid, but microplates can also be used for example forsamples that are in the form of powder. The microplates are typicallymade of a plastic material. The plates may be clear, opaque or colored,for example white or black. However, all microplates are not necessarilysuitable for all applications.

Microplates are widely used in life sciences. Samples are placed in thewells of the microplates and analyzed with a microplate reader. Amicroplate reader can detect biological, chemical or physical events ofthe samples in the microplate. The microplate readers can be based ondifferent phenomena, such as fluorescence or luminescence. One commontechnology for analyzing samples is the use of absorbance detection,which can be used for many different kinds of assays. In absorbancedetection, the absorbance (optical density) of a colored sample ismeasured using a spectrophotometer. The change of color in a samplecorrelates with some biological, chemical or physical change in thesample. Absorbance-based assays are popular, among other reasons,because of the visible change of color in the sample. However, in theexisting microplate readers the change of color is not fully reflectedin the results displayed by the user interface of the microplate reader,which makes further analysis of the results more difficult.

SUMMARY

An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method ofanalyzing absorbance of one or more liquid samples arranged in the wellsof a microplate. The characterizing features of the method according tothe invention are given in claim 1. Another object of the invention isto provide an improved microplate reader. Still another object of theinvention is to provide an improved computer program for operating amicroplate reader.

The method according to the invention comprises the steps of setting adesired wavelength falling within the wavelength range of 380 nm-750 nmfor absorbance measurement, illuminating the samples usingelectromagnetic radiation having a bandwidth of at most 20 nm around theset wavelength, measuring radiant flux transmitted through each sample,on the basis of measured radiant flux values, determining an absorbancevalue for each sample, and visualizing the absorbance values on adisplay as a matrix comprising a plurality of cells, each cellcorresponding to a well of the microplate, wherein the set wavelength isused as an input for determining the visual properties of the cells.

By using the set wavelength as an input for determining the visualproperties of the cells, the result matrix can be configured to betterresemble the set of samples in the microplate and the user of the methodcan interpret the results more reliably. This is particularly importantand useful when a large number of samples are analyzed. For instance, ifmicroplates with a large number of wells are used, such as microplateshaving at least 384 wells, the results cannot be easily shown asnumerical values in the limited space of a user interface. The use ofthe set wavelength as an input for determining the visual properties ofthe cells allows larger amounts of data to be shown on a display at atime and a user of a microplate reader can quickly detect whether theresults look reliable and can either repeat the analysis with correctedparameters or move to analyzing a next set of samples.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the color of each cell isselected so that the color corresponds to the color of the sample asperceived by the human eye. The color of each cell is thus thecomplementary color of the color corresponding to the wavelength set forthe absorbance measurement.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the color is selected froman RGB or ARGB color space.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the bandwidth of theelectromagnetic radiation used for illuminating the samples is at most10 nm. According to another embodiment of the invention, the bandwidthis at most 2.5 nm.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the set wavelength iswithin 20 nm from a local absorbance maximum of the sample. It is oftendesirable to measure absorbance values using electromagnetic radiationhaving a wavelength that is close to a wavelength at which a localabsorbance maximum takes place.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the set wavelength iswithin 10 nm from a local absorbance maximum of the sample. According toanother embodiment of the invention, the set wavelength is within 2.5 nmfrom a local absorbance maximum of the sample. According to anotherembodiment of the invention, the set wavelength corresponds to the localabsorbance maximum.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the method comprises thestep of determining a local absorbance maximum of a sample, and thewavelength is set on the basis of the determined local absorbancemaximum. The process of determining the local absorbance maximum and/orsetting the wavelength can be automatic.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the local absorbancemaximum is determined by illuminating at least one sample usingelectromagnetic radiation with different wavelengths or wavelengthranges, measuring radiant fluxes transmitted through the sample, anddetermining absorbance values for different wavelengths or wavelengthranges.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the determined absorbancevalue of each sample is used as an input for determining thetransparency of the respective cell on the display. Since thetransparency of each cell correlates with the absorbance value, the usercan easily spot the interesting samples.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the transparencies of thecells are set by means of alpha blending and the alpha channel values ofthe cells have a positive correlation with the absorbance values. Thesamples with higher absorbance values are thus shown as less transparentcells on the display.

According to an embodiment of the invention, at least one cell isbordered with a frame having a color corresponding to a wavelength,which is within 20 nm of the set wavelength. The color can be within 10nm of the set wavelength. The color can correspond to the setwavelength. The frame color is thus the complementary color of the colorof the cell. The frames can be used for example for highlighting thecells with the highest and/or lowest absorbance values. The use of thecomplementary color allows more reliable interpretation of results.

According to an embodiment of the invention, two or more absorbancemeasurements are carried out at predetermined time intervals and themeasurement data is shown in a time-resolved heat map view.

The microplate reader according to the invention is configured toimplement the method defined above.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the microplate readercomprises input means for allowing a user to manually change the colorhue used in the visualization of the absorbance values to better matchthe visualization with the actual visual image of the samples.

The computer program according to the invention comprises instructionswhich, when the program is executed by a computer, cause a microplatereader to carry out the method defined above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention are described below in more detail withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which

FIG. 1 shows an example of a microplate,

FIG. 2 shows the main elements of a microplate reader,

FIG. 3 shows the method according to the invention as a flowchart,

FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of a spectrophotometer,

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b show examples of result matrixes,

FIG. 5 c shows a microplate corresponding to the result matrixes ofFIGS. 5 a and 5 b,

FIG. 6 shows a diagram for determining the colors used for visualizingmeasured absorbance values,

FIG. 7 shows as a flowchart an example of the steps for determiningcolors of a result matrix,

FIG. 8 shows an example of the steps for determining transparencies ofthe cells of a result matrix,

FIG. 9 shows the steps of determining the complementary color for acolor having hue of 180°, and

FIGS. 10 a and 10 b show further examples of result matrixes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Microplates are widely used in life sciences. FIG. 1 shows an example ofa microplate 1. The microplate comprises a plurality of wells 2, i.e.cavities that are arranged in rows and columns. The wells 2 areconfigured to receive samples and function as small test tubes. Themicroplate 1 of FIG. 1 comprises 96 wells arranged in 8 rows and 12columns. Other common sizes of microplates 1 comprise 6, 24, 384 or 1536wells, but also other sizes are available. The ratio between the sidesis typically 2:3. The samples are usually liquid, but microplates 1 canalso be used for samples that are in the form of powder or in otherforms.

The samples placed in the wells 2 of a microplate 1 can be analyzedusing a microplate reader. A microplate reader can detect biological,chemical or physical events of the samples in the microplate 1. Themicroplate readers can be based on different phenomena, such asfluorescence or luminescence. One common technology for analyzingsamples is the use of absorbance detection, which can be used for manydifferent kinds of assays. In absorbance detection, the absorbance(optical density) of a colored sample is measured using aspectrophotometer. A change in color hue or intensity in a samplecorrelates with some biological, chemical or physical change in thesample. Absorbance-based assays are popular because of the visiblechange in the color of a sample.

FIG. 2 schematically shows the main components of a microplate reader10, which can be used for absorbance-based assays. The microplate reader10 can be used for analyzing samples arranged in the wells 2 of amicroplate 1. Microplates 1 used in absorbance-based assays aretypically clear. The microplate reader 10 is configured to determineabsorbance values of the samples. The microplate reader 10 comprisesilluminating means 11, which are capable of producing electromagneticradiation with a specific wavelength or wavelength range. Theelectromagnetic radiation can be visible light (wavelength rangeapproximately 380-750 nm), ultraviolet light (10-380 nm) or infraredlight (750 nm-1 mm). The illuminating means 11 are configured toilluminate the samples in the wells 2 of the microplate 1.

The microplate reader 10 further comprises detection means 13. Thedetection means 13 are configured to measure the radiant fluxtransmitted through the samples in the wells 2 of the microplate 1. Themicroplate reader 10 is controlled via input means 14. The input means14 can comprise, for instance, operating buttons, a keyboard and/or atouch display. Via the input means 14, the user of the microplate reader10 can control the operation of the microplate reader 10, adjustparameters, and/or change settings of the microplate reader 10. Theresults of the analysis can be displayed on a display 12. The display 12can be an integral part of the microplate reader 10 or an externaldisplay connected to the microplate reader 10. The input means 14,illuminating means 11, detection means 13 and display 12 communicatewith a central processing unit (CPU) 15. The input means 14 and thedisplay 12 do not need to be connected directly to the CPU 15. Themicroplate reader 10 could also be controlled via software that isinstalled on an external general-purpose computer, such as a PC. Theinput means 14 could thus comprise for example a keyboard that isconnected to the external computer. Also the display 12 could beconnected to the external computer. All the connections may beimplemented by wire or by any wireless means and the external computermay be a remote server or a cloud server.

The operation of the microplate reader 10 is shown as a flowchart inFIG. 3 . In a first step of the operation, a desired wavelength is set101. The set wavelength is used in a second step of the operation forilluminating samples placed in the wells 2 of a microplate 1 102. Theuser can select the desired wavelength via the input means 14. Typicallyan exact wavelength is selected by the user, but in practice themicroplate reader 10 is capable of producing electromagnetic radiationwith a certain bandwidth. A narrow bandwidth is usually preferred. Theacceptable bandwidth depends on the application. In some cases, abandwidth of 20 nm is sufficient. In some applications, the bandwidthshould be at most 10 nm. In some applications, the bandwidth should notexceed 2.5 nm.

The selection of the wavelength that is used for illuminating thesamples is usually based on the wavelength at which an absorbancemaximum takes place. The expression “absorbance maximum” refers to awavelength of electromagnetic radiation, at which there is a peak in theabsorbance values, i.e. at which wavelength less radiation is passedthrough the samples than at the adjacent wavelengths. The samples canhave several local absorbance maximums. For instance, local absorbancemaximums can be found in the wavelength ranges of ultraviolet light,visible light and infrared light. It is also possible that there areseveral local absorbance maximums in the wavelength range of visiblelight. The selected wavelength typically corresponds to a localabsorbance maximum or is at least close to the local absorbance maximum.For instance, the selected wavelength can be within 20 nm of the localabsorbance maximum. According to an embodiment of the invention, theselected wavelength is within 10 nm of the local absorbance maximum.According to an embodiment of the invention, the selected wavelength iswithin 2.5 nm of the local absorbance maximum. If a certain wavelengthrange for illuminating the samples is selected, the wavelength rangepreferably envelops the local absorbance maximum. If the user knowswhere a local absorbance maximum takes place, the desired wavelength orwavelength range can be set by the user. The microplate reader 10 canalso be configured to determine the absorbance maximum. The wavelengthfor the absorbance measurements can then be set automatically by themicroplate reader 10. Alternatively, the microplate reader 10 cansuggest a certain wavelength, which can then be confirmed by the user.It is also possible that the wavelength of the absorbance maximum isonly shown to the user, who can then set the wavelength for absorbancemeasurements manually.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3 , the method comprises a preliminary step100, in which a local absorbance maximum of the samples is determined.However, this step is not necessary, but often the absorbance maximumsare known, in which case the user can set the wavelength for theabsorbance measurements based on prior knowledge.

In the second step of the operation, the samples placed in the wells 2of the microplate 1 are illuminated with electromagnetic radiationhaving a specific wavelength or wavelength range 102.

In a third step of the operation, the detection means 13 are used fordetermining radiant fluxes transmitted through the samples 103.

In a fourth step of the operation, absorbance values of the samples aredetermined 104. The absorbance of a material is commonly defined to bethe common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiantpower through the material. The absorbance can thus be expressed by thefollowing equation:

$\begin{matrix}{A = {\log_{10}\left( \frac{P_{0}}{P} \right)}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

where

P₀ is the radiant flux received by the sample, and

P is the radiant flux transmitted by the sample.

The absorbance is dimensionless.

The absorbance values are determined for a certain wavelength ofelectromagnetic radiation. The wavelength used is typically thewavelength where a local absorption maximum of the sample is known totake place. If the wavelength of the absorption maximum is known, thewavelength or wavelength range used for illuminating the samples can beselected by the user. Alternatively, the microplate reader 10 can beused for carrying out a spectral analysis that determines the absorbancevalues over the whole operating range or part of the operating range ofthe microplate reader 10. The measured absorbance values can correlateto the amount of certain cellular metabolites or certain biologicalfunctions, such as cellular respiration, membrane integrity, or theactivity of a specific enzyme (i.e. lactase dehydrogenase) or otherproteins present in the sample.

In a fifth step of the operation, the determined absorbance values arevisualized as a matrix 105. The results of the analysis are shown on thedisplay 12.

FIG. 4 shows in more detail an example of a microplate reader 10. In theembodiment of FIG. 4 , the illuminating means 11 comprise a light source16. The light source 16 can be, for instance, a Xenon flash lamp. Thelight source 16 could also be, for instance, a quartz-halogen lamp. Thelight source 16 produces electromagnetic radiation, such as visiblelight (wavelength range approximately 380-750 nm), ultraviolet light(10-380 nm) or infrared light (750 nm-1 mm) with a broad spectrum. Forselecting a specific wavelength, the illuminating means 11 furthercomprise a monochromator 17. The monochromator 17 produces a light beamwith a narrow bandwidth. According to an embodiment of the invention,the bandwidth of the light after the monochromator 17 is less than 2.5nm. However, in some applications also a broader bandwidth issufficient. Instead of a monochromator, also an interference filtercould be used as means for wavelength selection. The light source couldalso be a narrow band light source, such as a LED or a laser. In thatcase, a monochromator, interference filter or other external means forwavelength selection may not be needed.

The light beam from the light source 16 is transmitted via optics of themicroplate reader 10 to the monochromator 17. In the embodiment of FIG.4 , the optics between the light source 16 and the monochromator 12comprises a mirror 18 and an entrance slit 19. However, the optics ofthe microplate reader 10 can be constructed in many different ways.

In the example of FIG. 4 , the light is transmitted from themonochromator 17 to a reading station 20 via an exit slit 21 and anoptical fiber 22. The light is passed through the samples 3 that areplaced in the wells 2 of the microplate 1. The intensity of the lightthat is passed through the samples 3 is measured by means of a detector13, such as a silicon photodiode or a photomultiplier tube. In theexample of FIG. 4 , the detector 13 is moved from one sample 3 toanother. However, the microplate reader 10 could comprise severaldetectors 13 for allowing several samples 3 to be measuredsimultaneously.

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b show examples of result views of the microplate reader10. A corresponding microplate 1 is shown in FIG. 5 c . FIG. 5 a shows aresult view where the absorbance values are shown as numerical values,which typically fall in the range between 0 and 4. The absorbance valuesare shown on the display 12 as a matrix which comprises a number ofcells 23. Each cell 23 of the matrix corresponds to a well 2 of themicroplate 1. Since the number of wells 2 of a microplate 1 and thecorresponding number of cells 23 in the matrix is large, it may bedifficult to quickly detect the absorbance values of interest, forexample low and high values. Therefore, the cells 23 with the highestand lowest absorbance values are automatically highlighted bysurrounding the cells 23 with a frame 24.

For allowing the user to quickly detect those cells 23 that showparticularly low or high absorbance values, the data can also bevisualized using a heat map, where the individual values are presentedas colors. FIG. 5 b shows an example of a heat map. The user of themicroplate reader 10 can switch between the different views or choose toshow them simultaneously.

The result views of FIGS. 10 a and 10 b are similar to the views ofFIGS. 5 a and 5 b . However, in this case the microplate 1 comprises 384wells 2. Also in the examples of FIGS. 10 a and 10 b , the cells 23 withthe highest and lowest absorbance values are automatically highlightedby surrounding the cells 23 with a frame 24. The difference between thenumerical view of FIG. 10 a and the heat map view of FIG. 10 b clearlyshows benefits of the invention. In the numerical view, the user canhardly distinguish anything. In the heat map view, the user canimmediately see whether the assay has worked as expected. In thisexample, cells A2 to I2 are positive controls and cells J2 to P2 arenegative controls. The colors of those cells show that the assay hasworked properly. The user can also identify hits that are sufficientlydifferent from the positive controls. The hits are shown with adifferent color and can be chosen for follow-up studies. An additionaldata analysis is not needed. The method and the microplate readeraccording to the invention thus improve the reliability and speed of theanalysis. According to the invention, the wavelength that has been setfor the absorbance measurements is used as an input for determining thevisual properties of the cells 23. The color of each cell 23 in the heatmap is selected so that the color corresponds to the color of the sample3 as perceived by the human eye. The color of each cell 23 is thusselected to be the complementary color of the color corresponding to thewavelength set for the absorbance measurements.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary and simplified diagram illustrating theselection of the color of the cells 23. The diagram of FIG. 6 comprisessix sectors, which represent different wavelength ranges of visiblelight (the main colors of a color wheel). When the microplate reader 10is operated in the wavelength range of visible light, the wavelength setfor the wavelength measurements 3 falls within one of the six ranges ofFIG. 6 . The set wavelength is typically close to a local absorbancemaximum. The samples 3 thus absorb light with that wavelength. As aresult, the color of the samples 3 as perceived by the user is thus thecomplementary color of the color corresponding to the wavelength set forthe absorbance measurements. Complementary colors are located in thediagram of FIG. 6 in opposite sectors. The color used in the cells 23 ofthe matrix is thus selected from a sector that is located opposite tothe sector comprising the wavelength that has been set for theabsorbance measurements. As an example, if the set wavelength is 460 nmas shown in FIGS. 5 a and 5 b , i.e. the light used for illuminating thesamples 3 is blue, the cells 23 of the result matrix are shown asorange. In the method according to the invention, the result matrixreflects the visual color of the samples 3 as seen by naked eye. Thismakes reading of the results more intuitive to the users, who are usedto handling colored samples, and also more reliable, because processerrors can be spotted at the same time. According to an embodiment ofthe invention, the color space used is preferably RGB or ARGB,preferably comprising 8 bits in all three color channels with values of0-255, but also other suitable numbers of colors and color profiles maybe utilized.

The absorbance values of the samples 3 are visualized by the colorintensity of the cells 23. The color intensity or actually thetransparency or translucency of each cell 23 is thus determined on thebasis of the determined absorbance value of the respective sample 3. Incomputer graphics changing the transparency of a color without affectingits hue is generally accomplished by alpha blending. It is a processthat blends the foreground color with the background color which in thiscase is preferably black. The blended color is computed as a weightedaverage of the foreground and background colors and the foreground colorhas a value from 1 to 0.1. The alpha channel values, i.e. the values ofthe foreground color of the cells 23 have a positive correlation withthe absorbance values. The higher the absorbance value of a cell 23 is,the higher alpha channel value it receives. The samples 3 with lowabsorbance values are thus shown in the result matrix as moretransparent (less intensely colored) cells 23 than the samples 3 withhigh absorbance values.

When using RGB color space, reducing the saturation of the sample 3color would ultimately lead to the color hue tint changing towardswhite, black or gray, depending on the color. This is because in RGBmode, which is an additive color mode, the hue of a color is affected bythe individual values of the red, green and blue channels. In alphablending the actual amount of the R, G and B values is not changed sothe hue of the color is not affected.

In the examples of FIGS. 5 a and 5 b , two cells 23 of the resultmatrixes are bordered with a differently colored frame 24. The frames 24are used for highlighting the cells 23 with the lowest and highestabsorbance values and/or for indicating a selection of a cell 23 withinthe matrix. The color of the frame 24 is similar to the color thatcorresponds to the wavelength set for the absorbance measurements. Thewavelength of the color can be for example within 20 nm of thewavelength set for the absorbance measurements. Preferably the color ofthe frame 24 corresponds to the set wavelength. The color of the frame24 is thus the complementary color of the color of the cell 23, whichmakes the frame 24 easy to spot. The color of the borders 26 that areused for separating any unframed cells 23 from each other is any colorother than the color of the frames 24 or the cells 23, for exampleblack, white or dark grey. The same color is preferably used as abackground color.

The method according to the invention is applied when the wavelength ofthe electromagnetic radiation is in the range of visible light. Themicroplate reader 10 could also be operated in the wavelength range ofultraviolet and/or infrared light. In case the wavelength of theelectromagnetic radiation is in the wavelength range of ultraviolet orinfrared light, the cells 23 can be shown in a predetermined color. Thecolor of the cells 23 can be for example black or white.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the user can manuallychange the color hue used in the visualization of the results to bettermatch it with the actual visual image of the samples 3. For instancesome samples 3 may comprise multiple absorption peaks even though onlyone of them is used for the absorption value determination. In suchcases the actual visual color of a sample 3 might not correspond to thecolor corresponding to the wavelength of the absorption maximum of thesamples 3.

FIG. 7 shows as a flow chart an example of the steps for determining thevisual properties of the cells 23 of a result matrix. In the example ofFIG. 7 , absorbance values of samples 3 are determined. A wavelength ofthe electromagnetic radiation used for illuminating the samples 3 isused as an input for the method. Another input is a signal level, whichcorresponds to an absorbance value of a sample. In a first step 401 ofthe method, it is determined whether the wavelength is in the wavelengthrange of visible light. If the wavelength is in the wavelength range ofvisible light, the color of the light is calculated based on thewavelength 402. In the next step, the calculated RGB or ARGB color isconverted to an HSV color 403. In a fourth step, complementary color isdetermined by flipping the hue value of the HSV color by 180 degrees404. The obtained HSV color is converted back to an ARGB color 405. Thealpha channel of the color is adjusted based on the signal level 406.The method returns a wavelength color and an alpha adjustedcomplementary color. The wavelength color can be used as the color of ahighlighting frame 24. In case the wavelength of the electromagneticradiation used for illuminating the samples is outside the wavelengthrange of visible light, the steps 402-405 for determining thecomplementary color are omitted. Instead, black is used as acomplementary color and a predetermined highlight color is used as thewavelength color 402 a.

FIG. 8 shows an example of the steps of determining the transparency oropacity of the cells 23 of a result matrix. In the example of FIG. 8 ,if the value of the signal, which is in the case of absorbancemeasurements the absorbance value, is below zero, an opacity value of 50is given to the cell 23. If the signal is above 3, an opacity value of255 is given to the cell 23. For signal values between 0 and 3, theopacity value is calculated by equation opacity=signal value*68.33+50.

FIG. 9 shows a modified version of part of the method of FIG. 7 . If thehue of the HSV color used as an input for determining the complementarycolor is 180, the step 404 of determining the complementary color ismodified. In the modified step 404 a the hue value is adjusted by 180degrees and then modulo operation is performed on the adjusted value.

The method and microplate reader 10 according to the invention can alsobe used for kinetic studies of samples 3. In kinetic studies the step ofabsorbance measurement is repeated in set time intervals. Usuallychanges in absorbance values at a specific wavelength or wavelengthrange are monitored at a time. According to an embodiment of theinvention, the visualization in the form of heat maps can also beapplied to monitoring kinetic absorbance studies. The microplate reader10 and/or an external computer can thus record and save the measurementdata and show the result matrixes consecutively in real-time. The saveddata can also be displayed later on. The user can thus visually monitorchanges in the samples 3 via the cell color changes in the matrix as atime-resolved heat map.

Absorbance measurements can also be carried out using two or moredifferent wavelengths. The step of setting the wavelength 101 can thuscomprise setting of two or more wavelengths. Also the following steps ofilluminating the samples 102, determining radiant fluxes 103,determining absorbance values 104 and visualizing the absorbance values105 can comprise two or more phases. The results of separatemeasurements can be shown as separate heat maps. The user of themicroplate reader 10 can switch between different views for showing thedesired result matrix.

It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the inventionis not limited to the embodiments described above, but may vary withinthe scope of the appended claims. For instance, a spectrophotometer hasbeen described above, but the microplate reader could also be amultimode reader, which can utilize also other detection technologies.

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A control system, the system comprising: acomputing device, wherein the computing device is designed andconfigured to: set a desired wavelength falling within the wavelengthrange of 380 nm to 750 nm for absorbance measurements, the desiredwavelength corresponding to a measurement of color; illuminate thesamples using electromagnetic radiation having a bandwidth of at most 20nm around the set wavelength; measure radiant flux transmitted througheach sample to determine a set of measured radiant flux values;determine an absorbance value for each sample as a function of themeasured radiant flux values; and visualize the absorbance values on adisplay as a matrix comprising a plurality of cells, wherein each cellcorresponds to a well of the microplate, wherein the set wavelength isused as an input for determining the color of the cells, and wherein thedetermined absorbance value of each sample is used as an input fordetermining the transparency of the respective cell on the display. 18.The control system of claim 19, wherein the input device is an externalcomputer.
 19. The control device of claim 1, wherein the computingdevice is electronically connected to a microplate reader.
 20. Thecontrol system of claim 1, wherein the control system further comprisesan input device.
 21. The control system of claim 19, wherein the inputdevice includes a keyboard.
 22. The control system of claim 19, whereinthe input device includes a touch display.
 23. The control system ofclaim 19 wherein the input device includes a keyboard and a touchdisplay.
 24. The control system of claim 1, wherein the computing deviceis further designed and configured to display the matrix in real time.25. The control system of claim 1, wherein the computing device isfurther designed and configure to visualize the absorbance values as aheat map.